IN THE HIGH COURT OF TANZANIA
(DAR ES SALAAM DISTRICT REGISTRY)
AT DAR ES SALAAM
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 45 OF 2013 (Appeal from conviction and sentence of the District Court of Kilosa at Kilosa (T. Swai, RM) in Criminal Case No. 116 of 2012 dated 10th April 2012)
MAWAZO MAKIWA…......APPELLANT
VERSUS
REPUBLIC ........................RESPONDENT
Date of last order: 11/08/2014
Date of judgment: 27/10/2014
JUDGEMENT
F. Twaib, J:
The appellant, Mawazo Makiwa, is appealing against the decision and orders of the Kilosa District Court at Kilosa, which convicted him of rape and sentenced him to 30 years imprisonment.
The appellant had pleaded guilty to a charge of rape, and admitted to the facts as read out to him by the prosecution. A second charge—that of impregnating a school girl—was dropped.
The material facts of the case as presented by the prosecution were that sometime in January 2012, the appellant, aged 21, was employed as a casual labourer at the residence of one GERAD in a village called Unoni. The appellant used to sleep at GERAD’s residence. He began a sexual relationship with GERAD’s niece, one MARY, who was a Standard VII pupil at a local primary school.
Sometime in February 2012, all the pupils at the school were tested for pregnancy. Mary’s results came back positive. On 20th February, 2012, she informed the appellant about it. On 13th March 2012, at about 22 Hrs, the appellant took Mary away to a village called Gongwe. He continued to have sexual intercourse with her, until 3rd April 2012 when GERAD went to Gongwe and, with the help of Sungusungu militia, they arrested the appellant, together with Mary.
The appellant was taken to a Police Station, where he made a statement, apparently confessing to the crime. He was charged at the District Court. His response to the charge was: “it is true”. Then the facts were also read out to him. The learned Resident Magistrate presiding recorded his response to the facts thus: “All facts are ok, hence are admitted.” The Magistrate proceeded to convict him as charged. This being a minimum sentence offence, the appellant was sentenced to serve the mandatory minimum of 30 years imprisonment.
Despite it being a conviction on a plea of guilty, and the sentence being the minimum one provided by law, the appellant decided to appeal. Learned State Attorney Sharifa Karanda who appeared before me for the Republic resisted the appeal. She contended that section 160 of the Criminal Procedure Act does not allow an appeal where the accused has pleaded guilty. That is correct. It also follows that since the sentence imposed is the minimum one, no appeal can normally lie against it. Those are the general rules.
But there are exceptions to these general rules. In Laurence Mpinga v R [1983] TLR 166, this Court (Samatta, J, as he then was) held:
(i) An appeal against a conviction based on an unequivocal plea of guilty generally cannot be sustained, although an appeal against sentence may stand;
(ii) An accused person who has been convicted by any court of an offence "on his own plea of guilty" may appeal against the conviction to a higher court on any of the following grounds:….that upon the admitted facts he could not in law have been convicted of the offence charged.
In the first ground of appeal, the appellant complains that he was convicted on a defective charge “as the particulars/facts do or does not constitute the alleged offence of rape…” While the appellant’s explanation of this ground is confined to the assertion that the particulars on the charge did not include an allegation that he had “unlawful” carnal knowledge of the victim (the word “unlawful” was missing in the particulars), that omission alone could have been cured by section 388 of the Criminal Procedure Act, Cap 20 (R.E. 2002). However, there is a more serious omission: the age of the girl Mary was not mentioned in the facts as read out to the accused, and to which he responded: “All facts are ok, hence are admitted.” Was the conviction proper in light of these two omissions?
At the hearing, the appellant had nothing to add to his petition of appeal, but reserved his right to respond after submissions by the respondent. When he did, he simply said that he had admitted the charge because he was drunk at the time. Ms Karanda, the learned State Attorney, contended that there was no need for the charge sheet to contain the word “unlawful”. She however cited the provisions of section 130 of the Penal Code, which defines rape as “unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or a girl”.
With due respect to the learned State Attorney, the unlawfulness of the act is an essential element in the offence of rape. Having carnal knowledge of a woman or girl, by itself, is no offence known to law. This is further elaborated by section 130 (2) (e) of the Penal Code, which is relevant to this case. It states that a person would be guilty of rape if he carnally knows a girl, “with or without her consent when she is under eighteen years of age…” [emphasis mine].
Hence, given the offence as charged, the unlawfulness relates to the age of the alleged victim. The prosecution’s case was that Mary was 17 years of age at the material time. Ms. Karanda insists that all the ingredients of the offence were present. She relied heavily on the appellant’s statement in response to the charge, where he is recorded by the trial court as saying: “Its true on 13/3/2012 at about 22:00hrs, at Unone I carnal knowledge MARY NICOLAUS a girl of 17 years.” [sic]. But this statement was a response to the charge, not the facts. The appellant also faults the facts as not constituting the offence. And here is where the omission is more critical.
The offence with which the appellant was charged is statutory rape. The age of the victim is an essential element in that offence. The facts must have said so. They did not. The admission, therefore, and the plea of guilty, cannot be said to have been unequivocal, with the full knowledge of the facts on the appellant’s part. The facts show that no force whatsoever was used in the commission of the alleged rape. The prosecution’s case was based primarily on the age of the alleged victim. It is a matter of crucial significance that the facts as admitted by the appellant must have included the girl’s age. Without it, the plea as entered by the lower court was equivocal. The court should have entered a plea of not guilty and proceeded to hold a trial.
The legal position in such situations has been settled by a long line of decisions of this court. In Kenneth Manda v R. [1993] TLR 107, Mroso, J (as he then was) held:
(i) An accused person can only be convicted on his own plea of guilty if it is ascertained that he has accepted as correct facts which constitute the ingredients of the offence charged;
(ii) As no particulars or facts constituting reckless driving were put to the appellant, his plea of guilty was equivocal and should have been entered as a plea of `not guilty'.
See also Munisi Marko Nkya v R [1989] TLR 59 and Buhimila Mapembe v R [1988] 174. In allowing the appeal in the latter case, Chipeta J. (as he then was) held, inter alia:
(i) In any case in which a conviction is likely to proceed on a plea of guilty, it is most desirable not only that every constituent of the charge should be explained to the accused but that he should be required to admit or deny every element of it unequivocally;
(ii) The words "it is true" when used by an accused person may not necessarily amount to a plea of guilty, particularly where the offence is a technical one;
(iii) In the present case, the facts given by the public prosecutor cannot be reasonably said to have amounted to full disclosure of the ingredients or elements of the offence, rather they appear to be more of an allegation that the appellant had possession of the lion skin;
Coming back to the case at hand, as we have seen, two crucial omissions have been committed by the prosecution which, taken together, render the appellant’s plea unequivocal and, therefore, his conviction unsustainable. These are: the failure to state, in the particulars of offence, that the accused’s carnal knowledge of the girl was unlawful; and secondly, that the girl was below the age of 18 years.
In the upshot, therefore, I quash the accused’s conviction and set aside the sentence. In the normal cause of things, I would have to order that the matter be returned to the lower court so that a plea of not guilty may be entered and the case proceed to trial.
However, the appellant has until now spent two and a half years in prison. Taking this into account, the nature of the offence charged and, perhaps more significantly, the fact that the trial would necessarily involve the trauma of having to give evidence on the part of the alleged victim, Mary, who would now be about 20 years of age, and has presumably settled down in her life, with a small child to take care of (as she was pregnant at the material time), I am of the considered opinion that such a process would do more harm than good to everyone concerned.
I would thus discharge the appellant and order that, unless he is being held for some other lawful cause, he be released from prison forthwith.
DATED and DELIVERED at DAR ES SALAAM this 27th October 2014. F. Twaib JUDGE.
0 Comments
PLACE YOUR COMMENT HERE
WARNING: DO NOT USE ABUSIVE LANGUAGE BECAUSE IT IS AGAINST THE LAW.
THE COMMENTS OF OUR READERS IS NOT OUR RESPONSIBILITY.